Конечная группа — различия между версиями

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(Таблицы умножения для конечных групп)
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''Замечание'': по соглашению в заголовках таблицы 1-ым идёт нейтральный элемент, затем элементы, которые совпадают с обратным, затем остальные.
 
''Замечание'': по соглашению в заголовках таблицы 1-ым идёт нейтральный элемент, затем элементы, которые совпадают с обратным, затем остальные.
  
 
+
=== [[Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп|Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп]] ===
'''Примеры'''
 
 
 
1) n = 1
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
2) n = 2
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
3) n = 3
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
4) n = 4
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
5) n = 5
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
6) n = 6
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
  
  
 
[[Категория: Теория групп]]
 
[[Категория: Теория групп]]

Версия 03:29, 3 июля 2010

Эта статья требует доработки!
  1. Необходимо привести таблицы умножения всех конечных групп из не более шести элементов.(исправлено)

Если Вы исправили некоторые из указанных выше замечаний, просьба дописать в начало соответствующего пункта (Исправлено).


Определение:
Группа называется конечной, если множество ее элементов конечно. Мощность множества элементов группы [math]G[/math] называют порядком группы и обозначают [math]\vert G\vert[/math].


Таблицы умножения для конечных групп

Таблица умножения(таблица Кэли) — таблица, которая описывает структуру конечных алгебраических систем с одной бинарной операцией. Таблица позволяет определить, является ли группа абелевой, найти ядро группы и обратные элементы по отношению к другим элементам в этой группе.


Структура

Пусть [math]\mathbb{A}_n[/math] = [math]\{a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n\}[/math] - группа из n элементов.

Тогда таблица будет выглядеть следующим образом:

* a1 a2 ... an
a1 a1a1 a1a2 ... a1an
a2 a2a1 a2a2 ... a2an
... ... ... ... ...
an ana1 ana2 ... anan

Свойства

1) Каждая строка или столбец являются перестановкой элементов группы

2) Если таблица симметрична относительно главной диагонали, то операция умножения коммутативна


Построение

Вследствие первого свойства, можно заполнить таблицу не имея всей информации об операции умножения. Если таблицу заполнить не удаётся(нарушается первое свойство - в ряде или колонке оказывается 2 одинаковых элемента), значит операции, удовлетворяющей данным соотношениям, не существует.


Алгоритм построения:

1) заполнить "скелет" таблицы - ячейки в которых стоит нейтральный элемент. "Скелет" симметричен относительно главной диагонали(если a - обратный к b, то b - обратный к a, то есть любой элемент коммутирует со своим обратным).

2) используя известные соотношения и свойство 1 заполнить таблицу.

Замечание: по соглашению в заголовках таблицы 1-ым идёт нейтральный элемент, затем элементы, которые совпадают с обратным, затем остальные.

Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп