Классы PH, Σ и Π

Определение:

[math]\Sigma_{i} = \{L|\exists R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i}) \in P, p - poly : \forall x \in L \Leftrightarrow \exists y_{1} \forall y_{2} \exists y_{3} \cdots Q y_{i} : \forall j |y_{j}|~\le~p(|x|), R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})\},[/math] где [math]L[/math] - формальный язык [math],Q = \exists[/math] для [math]i = 2k-1,[/math] [math]Q = \forall[/math] для [math]i = 2k[/math].

Определение:

[math]\Pi_{i} = \{L|\exists R(x, y_{1},\cdots,y_{i}) \in P, p - poly : \forall x \in L \Leftrightarrow \forall y_{1} \exists y_{2} \forall y_{3} \cdots Q y_{i} : \forall j |y_{j}|~\le~p(|x|), R(x, y_{1}, \cdots, y_{i}) \},[/math] где [math]L[/math] - формальный язык [math],Q = \forall[/math] для [math]i = 2k - 1,[/math] [math]Q = \exists[/math] для [math]i = 2k[/math].

Взаимоотношения между классами [math]\Sigma_{i}[/math] и [math]\Pi_{i}[/math]

Теорема:

[math]\Sigma_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1} \cap \Pi_{i+1}[/math]

Доказательство:

[math]\triangleright[/math]

[math]\left]L \in \Sigma_{i} \Rightarrow \exists R : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \exists y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} : R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})\right.[/math] [math]? L \in \Sigma_{i+1} \Leftrightarrow \exists R' : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \exists y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} \bar{Q} y_{i+1} : R'(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i},y_{i+1})[/math] [math]R'(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i+1})[/math] { return [math]R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] } [math]? L \in \Pi_{i+1} \Leftrightarrow \exists R'' : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \forall y_{0} \exists y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} : R''(x,y_{0},y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] [math]R''(x,y_{0},y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] { return [math]R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] } Т.о., [math]\Sigma_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1}, \Sigma_{i} \subset \Pi_{i+1} \Rightarrow \Sigma_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1} \cap \Pi_{i+1}[/math].

[math]\triangleleft[/math]

Теорема:

[math]\Pi_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1} \cap \Pi_{i+1}[/math]

Доказательство:

[math]\triangleright[/math]

[math]\left]L \in \Pi_{i} \Rightarrow \exists R : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \forall y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} : R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})\right.[/math] [math]? L \in \Pi_{i+1} \Leftrightarrow \exists R' : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \forall y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} \bar{Q} y_{i+1} : R'(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i},y_{i+1})[/math] [math]R'(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i+1})[/math] { return [math]R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] } [math]? L \in \Sigma_{i+1} \Leftrightarrow \exists R'' : x \in L \Leftrightarrow \exists y_{0} \forall y_{1} \cdots Q y_{i} : R''(x,y_{0},y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] [math]R''(x,y_{0},y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] { return [math]R(x,y_{1},\cdots,y_{i})[/math] } Т.о., [math]\Pi_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1}, \Pi_{i} \subset \Pi_{i+1} \Rightarrow \Pi_{i} \subset \Sigma_{i+1} \cap \Pi_{i+1}[/math].

[math]\triangleleft[/math]