Конечная группа — различия между версиями

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=== Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп ===
 
=== Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп ===
 +
Ниже перечислены все группы до шестого порядка включительно:
 +
 
1) n = 1
 
1) n = 1
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
Строка 72: Строка 74:
 
2) n = 2
 
2) n = 2
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_2</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>  
+
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>  
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
+
| <big>0</big> || <big>1</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>1</big> || <big>0</big>
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
3) n = 3
 
3) n = 3
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_3</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>  
+
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>  
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>  
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
+
| <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>0</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
+
| <big>2</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big>
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
4) n = 4
 
4) n = 4
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_2</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big>
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>  
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
+
| <big>1</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>2</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big>
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
+
| <big>3</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>0</big>
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_2\times\mathbb{Z}_2</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>  
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(0,0)</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(0,1)</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(1,0)</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(1,1)</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(0,0)</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
+
| <big>(0,0)</big> || <big>(0,1)</big> || <big>(1,0)</big> || <big>(1,1)</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(0,1)</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>(0,1)</big> || <big>(0,0)</big> || <big>(1,1)</big> || <big>(1,0)</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(1,0)</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
+
| <big>(1,0)</big> || <big>(1,1)</big> || <big>(0,0)</big> || <big>(0,1)</big>
|}
 
5) n = 5
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>(1,1)</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>(1,1)</big> || <big>(1,0)</big> || <big>(0,1)</big> || <big>(0,0)</big>
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
6) n = 6
+
5) n = 5
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_2</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>  
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>  
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>4</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>  
+
| <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>  
+
| <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>0</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>  
+
| <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>  
+
| <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>4</big>
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>  
+
| <big>4</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big>
 
|}
 
|}
  
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
+
6) n = 6
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{Z}_6</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| +
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>  
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>4</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>5</big>
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>0</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>  
+
| <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>5</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>1</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>  
+
| <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>5</big> || <big>0</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>2</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>  
+
| <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>5</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>3</big>
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>  
+
| <big>3</big> || <big>4</big> || <big>5</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>4</big>
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
+
| <big>4</big> || <big>5</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big>  
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>5</big>
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
+
| <big>5</big> || <big>0</big> || <big>1</big> || <big>2</big> || <big>3</big> || <big>4</big>  
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>  
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
+
| <tex>\mathbb{S}_3</tex>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>  
 
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 +
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>aa</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>  
+
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>aa</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>  
+
| <big>a</big> || <big>aa</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
+
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>aa</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
+
| <big>aa</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>  
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>  
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>  
+
| <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>aa</big> || <big>a</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>  
+
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>aa</big>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
+
| <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>aa</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>  
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>  
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
+
Для группы <tex>\mathbb{S}_3</tex> <tex>a</tex> - это циклическая перестановка <tex>(123)\rightarrow(231)</tex>, а <tex>b,\,c,\,d</tex> - транспозиции <tex>(123)\rightarrow(213),\,(123)\rightarrow(132),\,(123)\rightarrow(321)</tex> соответственно.
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>  
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" align="center"
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| *
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>e</big>
 
| <big>e</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>f</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>a</big>
 
| <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>b</big>
 
| <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>c</big>
 
| <big>c</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>d</big>
 
| <big>d</big> || <big>e</big> || <big>f</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big>
 
|-
 
!style="background:#efefef;"| <big>f</big>
 
| <big>f</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>a</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>e</big>
 
|}
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
[[Категория: Теория групп]]
 
[[Категория: Теория групп]]

Версия 01:45, 16 сентября 2010

Эта статья требует доработки!
  1. Не надо приводить таблицы умножения изоморфных групп. Группы, таблицы умножения которых приведены в статье, надо "расшифровать". Они все являются группами из примеров групп.
  2. (исправлено)Надо убрать алгоритм построения.
  3. Надо привести некоторые свойства конечных групп: все группы простого порядка [math]p[/math] изоморфны [math]\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}[/math], в простой группе порядок каждого элемента является делителем порядка группы. Свойства надо доказать.

Если Вы исправили некоторые из указанных выше замечаний, просьба дописать в начало соответствующего пункта (Исправлено).


Определение:
Группа называется конечной, если множество ее элементов конечно. Мощность множества элементов группы [math]G[/math] называют порядком группы и обозначают [math]\vert G\vert[/math].


Таблицы умножения для конечных групп

Таблица умножения(таблица Кэли) — таблица, которая описывает структуру конечных алгебраических систем с одной бинарной операцией. Таблица позволяет определить, является ли группа абелевой, найти ядро группы и обратные элементы по отношению к другим элементам в этой группе.


Структура

Пусть [math]\mathbb{A}_n[/math] = [math]\{a_1,a_2,\dots,a_n\}[/math] - группа из n элементов.

Тогда таблица будет выглядеть следующим образом:

* a1 a2 ... an
a1 a1a1 a1a2 ... a1an
a2 a2a1 a2a2 ... a2an
... ... ... ... ...
an ana1 ana2 ... anan

Свойства

Утверждение:
Каждая строка или столбец являются перестановкой элементов группы
[math]\triangleright[/math]
Пусть [math]a,b,c,d \in G[/math]. Тогда [math]ab=d[/math] и [math]ac=d \Rightarrow b=c[/math]. Так как количество клеток в строке равно количеству элементов, то, по принципу Дирихле, каждый элемент группы встречается в строке один раз.
[math]\triangleleft[/math]
Утверждение:
Если таблица симметрична относительно главной диагонали, то операция умножения коммутативна
[math]\triangleright[/math]
Таблица симметрична [math]\Rightarrow ab = ba[/math] для любых [math]a,b \in G[/math]
[math]\triangleleft[/math]
Утверждение:
Все группы простого порядка [math]p[/math] изоморфны [math]\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}[/math]
[math]\triangleright[/math]
темп
[math]\triangleleft[/math]
Утверждение:
В простой группе порядок каждого элемента является делителем порядка группы
[math]\triangleright[/math]
темп
[math]\triangleleft[/math]

Примеры таблиц умножения для конечных групп

Ниже перечислены все группы до шестого порядка включительно:

1) n = 1

* e
e e

2) n = 2

[math]\mathbb{Z}_2[/math]
+ 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0

3) n = 3

[math]\mathbb{Z}_3[/math]
+ 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
1 1 2 0
2 2 0 1

4) n = 4

[math]\mathbb{Z}_2[/math]
+ 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 0 3 2
2 2 3 0 1
3 3 2 1 0
[math]\mathbb{Z}_2\times\mathbb{Z}_2[/math]
+ (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1)
(0,0) (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1)
(0,1) (0,1) (0,0) (1,1) (1,0)
(1,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,0) (0,1)
(1,1) (1,1) (1,0) (0,1) (0,0)

5) n = 5

[math]\mathbb{Z}_2[/math]
+ 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3

6) n = 6

[math]\mathbb{Z}_6[/math]
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5 0
2 2 3 4 5 0 1
3 3 4 5 0 1 2
4 4 5 0 1 2 3
5 5 0 1 2 3 4
[math]\mathbb{S}_3[/math]
* e a aa b c d
e e a aa b c d
a a aa e c d b
aa aa e a d b c
b b d c e aa a
c c b d a e aa
d d c b aa a e

Для группы [math]\mathbb{S}_3[/math] [math]a[/math] - это циклическая перестановка [math](123)\rightarrow(231)[/math], а [math]b,\,c,\,d[/math] - транспозиции [math](123)\rightarrow(213),\,(123)\rightarrow(132),\,(123)\rightarrow(321)[/math] соответственно.